4th Block Biology

Acid Rain   is any form of precipitation with acidic components, such as sulfuric or nitric acid that fall to the earth from the atmosphere in wet and or dry forms. This can include rain, snow, fog, hail or even dust that is acidic in any way.    Acid Rain Pathway  1. Emissions of SO (Sulfur), and NO (Nitrogen), are released into the air 2. Pollutants are transformed into acid particles that may be transported long distance.  3. These acid particles then fall to the earth as wet and dry deposition (Dust, rain, snow, etc.)  4. May cause harmful effects on soil, forests, streams and lakes.  Measuring Acid Rain  How does Acid Rain occur?  Putting Sulfur and or Nitrogen into the atmosphere by:  Burning of fossil fuels to generate electricity.   Vehicles and heavy equipment. Manufacturing, oil refineries and other industries. Winds can blow Sulfur dioxide  and Nitrogen oxides  ove...

Antibiotics How antibiotics work Some antibacterials kill bacteria outright and are called bactericidal. They directly attack the bacteria cell wall, which hurt the cell. Then the bacteria can no longer attack the body. Antibiotics can only treat bacteria not viruses. Other antibacterials block the bacteria's growth or reproduction. They are often called bacteriostatic antibiotics, they stop nutrients from reaching bacteria. That stops them from dividing and multiplying. It helps stop the infection and give the body time to get the immune system back together and time to attack.  Reflection: I never realized how much antibiotics did for you and the different things that they did. I always thought they just killed the bacteria inside your body. It is pretty cool how antibiotics work. Its great we have doctors working everyday to find cures to more and more diseases with antibiotics. "How Do Antibiotics Work?"  How Do Antibiotics Work? ...

RNA - stands for ribonucleic acid DNA-->RNA-->Amino Acids RNA is similar to DNA, but is chemically different enough to pass through the nuclear membrane. How is RNA different you ask? Well first, sugar : ribose second, structure : single helix third, nitrogen bases: A=U    C=G Reflection: Once I already learned DNA I understood RNA very easily. RNA is literally just like DNA but with just a little twist. The nitrogen bases are easy, you just have to remember that every stay's the same except for A=T. Instead of A=T, it is flipped/changed to A=U. I believe that as long as you understand DNA you will understand RNA.

http://bms.westfordk12.us/pages/teams/7green/cells/grouph/images/plantcell%20cellwall Cell Wall The cell wall is found in only plant cells to protect them. Animal cells do not contain a cell wall. It protects the cell from many things. If something bad tries to affect or damage the cell the cell wall keeps the virus or harmful object from damaging the cell. I did like this topic it was fun. I did already understand it. Cell wall is an easy topic to master and understand.

Meiosis is the cell division in four daughter cells both with half the number of chromosomes of both parents cells I learned that meiosis that it starts with a parent cell that is diploid meaning that it got two copies of each chromosome. the process is four daughter cells that are haploid means that half the number of the chromosomes of the diploid parent cell. this all surprised me because I barley knew any of this and i barley knew anything about it. Wikipedia

Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disease that makes the blood cells rigid, sticky, and sickle or crescent moon shaped instead of the flexible round shape that blood cells are supposed to have. This can cause blood clots and prevent blood and oxygen from getting to where they need to go. There is no cure, but there are medications used to relieve pain and other problems caused by sickle cell anemia.

Incomplete dominance happens when a heterozygous genotype produces a phenotype that's a mixture of the dominant and recessive traits. Example: A red flower and a white flower produce a pink flower.  

"Dna Damage".   Slideshare.net . N.p., 2017. Web. 27 May 2017. Mutation addition is when a base gets added into the DNA or RNA sequence. When a base gets added into it usually throws off the amino acid code. Just like in the visual above at first the amino acids were Pro- Glu- Glu- Cys- Gly then it had turned into Pro- Gly- Val- Arg.  I believe this subject was easy as well because once you understand the concept of how to count the bases and turn the RNA into amino acids then you basically get the whole unit. Always remember if theres an extra at the end then it was an addition to the sequence. 

ANAEROBIC ENERGY PRODUCTION  Anaerobic Energy Production is one form of Cellular Respiration  This form requiers no oxygen  Is used for a fast burst of energy Occurs mostly in prokaryotes cells  Fermentation 1- lactic acid (makes muscles sore)  2- Alocholic REFLECTION - Anaerobic Production has no oxygen, therefore many of the things we do, do not involve anaerobic production! It involves the aerobic energy production. This is not only a good review for you but for me as well on how to justify the two.  http://slideplayer.com/slide/9078035/ MORE INFO: http://www.diffen.com/difference/Aerobic_Respiration_vs_Anaerobic_Respiration VIDEO/QUIZ:  http://study.com/academy/lesson/anaerobic-exercise-definition-benefits-examples.html

Plant Cells vs Animal Cells  Plant Cells vs. Animals is a unit were you learn all the functions of the main organelles between the two cells and you learn the similarities and difference between the two. It is a unit power packed with information but also a fun experience as you get to do a lot of labs that are hands on, also digital which lead you to better understand the difference but also there functions.  Important key terms : -   Eukaryotic : Organism made up of cells that have a nucleus & membrane bound organelles.  - Prokaryotic : Organism that has no nucleus and lacks certain organelles.  - Nucleus : The control center of a cell that contains DNA inside  - Cytop lasm : Fluid that fills up the cell  - Vac uole : Large organelle  for storing water and salts  - Chloroplast : Carry's out photosynthesis through the chlorophyll it contains which traps the sun's energy. - Mitoch ondrion : Site of ...

Hemophilia Hemophilia is a genetic disorder cause by a clotting protein. Even though it is passed down from the parent to the children, about 1/3 of the cases are caused by random gene mutations. The gene for Hemophilia is carried on the X chromosome. The X gene for Hemophilia is recessive. So if a son inherits a X chromosome carrying Hemophilia, he will have it. If a daughter gets it, because they have two X chromosomes, they will not get it because they will most likely get a healthy one form their father. Therefore, she will be a carrier. Symptoms for people with Hemophilia usually bleed longer than others who don't This bleeding can happen internally into joints and muscles, or externally from cuts and such things. The most helpful place for a person with Hemophilia to go is to a federally funded Hemophilia Treatment Center. They provide great care and are very skilled in the field of Hemophilia.  Reflection in researching this topic, I learned a lot. I learned...

Mitochondria The main job for mitochondria is to make energy for the rest of the cell. The way it makes the energy is by eating the food and breaking it down into water and carbon dioxide and when it does that it receives a bunch of energy. You can compare mitochondria to power generators. The generators break up fuel and produce energy the same way mitochondria. Without the mitochondria the cell would have no energy. Reflection The mitochondria is very important to the cell because without it it wouldn't have any energy. The cell wouldn't get anything done without it. I learned it get it's energy from broken down cells.  Citations micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/mitochondria/mitochondria.html. www.kidsbiology.com/biology_basics/cells_tissues_organs/cell_mitochondria13.php.

What is a mutation? A mutation is any change in the DNA sequence.  There are three types of mutations: * addition: One or more nucleotide base pairs are inserted into a DNA sequence (also called frameshift mutation)  *deletion: The removal of one or more nucleotides in a DNA sequence (also called frameshift mutation) *substitution: A mutation that exchanges one or more bases for another (also called point mutation) How do they occur & why? Mutations for randomly, but different mutations occur different ways.  Most of the time a mutation comes from radiation (so like the sun, X-rays, tanning salons, etc). Some mutations can be genetic though, like autism. Autism is caused when theres an extra chromosome. Another common mutation would be cancer. Cancer occurs when cells uncontrollably grow, and don't die.  Can it be prevented?  Unfortunately, mutations are random. The best way to prevent them is to protect yoursel...

Symbiotic Relationship: Mutualism Mutualism is when two different species work together and they are both benefiting from the relationship. They were both part of their environment , so they adapted to each others environment . Reflection: I learned that the two organism have to adapt to each others environment . I thought they were already adapted because they found each other somehow and how would they find each other if they were adapted to the environment . Citations: http://www.necsi.edu/projects/evolution/co-evolution/mutualistic/co-evolution_mutualistic.html

Mutation Substitution: A mutation that exchanges one or more bases for another. This is also called point mutation. Example: THE CAT ATE THE RAT    THE CGT ATE THE RAT Example it can cause: Sickle Cell Reflection: Mutation Substitution is a short, simple topic so it was easy. There was not much more I learned from what I already knew from mutations. I have a family member who had color blindness and with a mutation they then passed it on and one of there children then got it. I read more about it and learned that more men got it then women. Key terms and Picture: http://www.keywordsuggests.com/3PjXPkXHfeSBEMZQT*wUG%7Cn7vwBQK0nZuDB168rbm4Y/

Malamed, Connie. Color Blindness . 2017. Web. 25 May 2017. Interesting Facts - Color blindness is more prevalent among males than females, because the most common form of color vision deficiency is encoded on the X sex chromosome. - About 8% of all men are suffering from color blindness. - If a woman is red-green colorblind, all her sons will also be colorblind. -This can be passed down from parent to child through genetics. - Police officer, firefighter, and airline pilot are the most famous jobs which require normal color vision. - Color blindness is also called Daltonism, after the scientist John Dalton. Citation) "50 Facts About Color Blindness | Colblindor". Color-blindness.com . N.p., 2017. Web. 25 May 2017. Reflection -Before learning about this topic I was not aware that more men got this than women. Also the amount of men suffering from this. It surprised me that if a woman is red-green colorblind than her kids automatically get ...

Passive Transport is when something is moving in or out of the cell.  Using the gradient and no energy. Passive Transport is like going down a hill. Going down is easy you need little to no energy.  Passive transport moves from High to Low concentration on substances. Reflection: When we went over passive transport I got confused with the questions about it.  Then after doing more and more on it I got.  It's pretty easy to understand once you get it.  Outside of class this can be used when your walking down a hill or riding down a hill you can think of it. http://www.biozzle.com/p/blog-page_30.html

Parasitism Parasitism: is a form of symbiosis in which one organism benefits at the expense of another organism usually of different host cell Examples: tapeworms, fleas, and barnacles, lice, malaria Reflection: I learned that a parasite is in a host harms it. I already knew that there are a tone of parasite like lice, fleas and malaria. I can relate to parasitism because my little brother is one he is always asking for stuff and annoying me when I just wanna do my own thing. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMG-LWyNcAs www.dictionary.com/browse/parasitism https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitism

Characteristics of life are traits and/or qualities in an organism such as, Growth, use of energy, homeostasis, and reproduction. 1. All living things are composed of cells. Muscles, Nerves, Blood, Stem etc.  2. Living things have different levels. Tissue - a group of cells  Organ - a group of tissues  Organ system   - a group of organs  Organism  - any living things that is complete.  3. Living things use energy.   Plants use the sun to grow.                                                           4. Living things react to their environment.  Homeostasis  5. Living things grow.  Cells 6. Living things reproduce Sexual + Asexual  7. Living things adapt to their environment. Giraffes used to have short necks, over time they became lon...

Protein Synthesis   Main Idea : Protein Synthesis is a unit that teaches you the steps in how a cell creates protein, it also ties in with DNA and it's a interesting unit because the activities that follow along help you better understand the process of protein synthesis. Information : - What is the function of RNA? Carry out instruction from DNA for protein synthesis.  - 3 types of RNA: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA  - mRNA - It makes a copy of DNA and carry the copy from the nucleus to the cytoplasm so that the information can be used to make a protein.  - tRNA - It transfer amino acids to ribosome for protein synthesis.  - rRNA - It controls ribosomes formation in the cytoplasm. - RNA polymerase - An enzyme that aids in transcription.  - There are 20 amino acids.  * Transcription: The process of creating the mRNA from the DNA template.  * Condon: The codes for a specific amino acid  Review :  htt...

What's a ribosome?-  Ribosomes translate mRNA into proteins (with help from tRNA) in the nucleolus. Ribosomes are protein builders; they connect amino acids and build a long chain. This process happens in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Reflection- Before talking about ribosomes in biology, I had absolutely no idea what they were. Learning about them though was pretty easy for me, the project where we were campaigning against each other in the class definitely taught me more about this topic. I was surprised to learn something so small and simple had such an important part in a cell. Ribosomes form amino acids (proteins) which give cells structure. Without ribosomes, cells wouldn't even exist!  Citations- * My notebook *Google  *http://rna.ucsc.edu/rnacenter/images/70s_atrna.jpg

Nucleus Function/Main Ideas The most important function of the nucleus is that it holds the cells DNA The nucleus also makes exact copies of the DNA The nucleus also holds the cells RNA The nucleus makes protein and sends them out to make protein The nucleus is secure by double membrane envelope Reflection The nucleus is very important in cells and we wouldn't have genetic coding or proteins if it weren't for it. I learned that it made ribosomes which helped me understand where they came from. I thought that the nucleus had more roles than just DNA, RNA, and ribosomes but that is mainly what it does. Cites https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus www.ducksters.com/science/biology/cell_nucleus.php. www.softschools.com/science/biology/function_of_the_nucleus/.

CAUSES OF MUTATIONS !  A mutation is any change in DNA sequence      CAUSES- A mistake in copying DNA, OR, by exposure to certain enviromental factors   3 TYPES OF MUTATIONS ADDITION: One or more nucleotide base pairs inserted into the DNA sequence EX:   Oringinal DNA- THE CAT ATE THE RAT  Mutated DNA- THE CGA TAT ETH ERA T DELETION: Removal of one or more nucleotide in a DNA sequence  EX:  Oringnal DNA- THE CAT ATE THE RAT  Mutated DNA- THE CTA TAT ETH ETA  SUBSTITUTION: Mutation that exchanges one or more bases for another result in a different amino-acid coden reading EX:  Oringnal DNA - THE CAT ATE THE RAT  Mutated DNA- THE CGT ATE THE RAT  *REMEMBER* Mutagen-Is any agent that results in a mutation Somatic Effects - Cant pass to child. ONLY the individual. ( think body cells )  Genetic Effects- Can pass to child  Reflection- I lea...

Meiosis www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/.../meiosis.html Meiosis is a process in which gametes (sperm and egg) are formed.  Meiosis resultes in cells that are NOT genetically identical and also result in formation of 4 new cells.  Each cell is a haploid in number. Stages Meiosis 1:                   1. chromosomes become visible; crossing over occurs.                   2. pairs of homologous chromosomes move to equator of the cell.                   3. homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles of cells.                   4. homologous arrive at opposite poles and cytokinesis 1 occurs. Meiosis 2:                    1. chromosomes in both new cells prepare to move to the equator.           ...

                                                                      Alcohol Fermentation   The basic process of alcohol fermentation shows that yeast starts off with glucose and finishes with carbon dioxide and ethanol. The first part the yeast breaks down the glucose to form 2 pyruvate molecules. This is known as glycolysis. In the second part, the 2 pyruvate molecules are converted into 2 carbon dioxide molecules and 2 molecules of ethanol, also know as alcohol. The second part is fermentation. The main purpose of alcohol fermentation is to produce ATP. The carbon dioxide and ethanol are waste products. Alcoholic fermentation by yeast cells. In brewing, alcoholic fermentation is the conversion of sugar into carbon dioxide gas (CO2) and ethyl alcohol. This process is carried out by yeast cells using a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis The definition of mitosis is - The asexual process that results in the production of two identical daughter cells. What I learned from mitosis is that it has five phrases prophase , Metaphase , Anaphase , Telophase , Cytokinesis and Interphase. Also I learned sexual reproduction that has to do with a female and male gamete witch fertilizes a cell and makes off spring. I kind of new about some of mitosis but not all but now I really know what Mitosis is and how it works and I really like this objective it taught me some things I didn't know already. You can use this outside of school by you cutting yourself and mitosis makes new cells.

Translation Reflection- In this stage the mRNA is decoded to build protein.It contains a specific series of amino acid.For the most purposes a polypeptide is basically just a protein.Relationships between mRNA codons and amino acids are known as the genetic code. A video of translation- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1PSwhTGFMxs

Huntington's Disease Huntington's Disease is a inherited disease where the nerve cells in the brain break down over time. It progressively breaks down physical and mental abilities in a humans prime working age. Unfortunately, there is no cure for this disease. HD is a inherited disease. Every child with a parent that has HD has a 50/50 chance of getting it. Symptoms of HD usually appear between the ages 30-50, and get worse over a 10-25 year period. They inclue forgetfulness, impaired judgment, mood swings, etc. Everyone possess the gene that causes HD, but only the those who inherit the ability of the gene to grow will develop HD. Anybody who inherits the expanding gene will eventually get the disease. Reflection I am really glad that I chose this topic. I previously did not know about the disease or what it was capable of. After research, I realized that HD is a very unique disease in a way such as time. HD is a disease that only occurs after time and very gradually...

Replication  In molecular biology DNA replication is the biological processes of producing one identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. This happens in all living things.DNA is made up of a double helix of two  complementary  strand  How it happens- first the original strand DNA is coped (replication) then the original strand of DNA is broke off connecting the 2 new strands of DNA. click the link for the video http://study.com/academy/lesson/dna-replication-fork-definition-lesson-quiz.html

"DNA Replication. Vector Diagram".  Shutterstock.com . N.p., 2017. Web. 18 May 2017. The process of DNA replicating is used for hair, nails, and etc. to grow. Hydrogen bonds "unzip" so that we can replicate and make a copy so we can survive. It can be used outside of biology like say if you fall and skin your knee new cells would reproduce and cover it up. If our cells don't copy that means that were dead.  A example of replicating a strand of DNA is  DNA Original Strand: AGCTTCGA DNA Replicated Strand: TCGAAGCT Honestly, I believed Ms.G when she said that DNA was the hardest topic but to me it was very close to being the easiest one. I enjoyed learning about my inner self. 

http://newtoluxury.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/carbohydrates-750x410.png Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are simple sugars found in everyday things. Carbohydrates are found  in foods such as starchy vegetables, grains, rice, and breads and cereals. If carbohydrates  are not used and turned to energy they eventually turn into fat. I did like this topic. I did already understand it. Not many people completely understand what a carbohydrate is and does.

Citation Diabetes . 2017. Web. 18 May 2017. - The main types of diabetes are Type 1 and Type 2. - Type 1 is what you can be born with. - Type 2 is caused by lifestyle. - Diabetes is caused when your pancreas stops working and no longer produces insulin. - Prevention of type 2 is a healthy life style like, exercise and healthy food. - Diabetes can not be cured, when you have it most people use a pump or shots. (Reflection)- Diabetes is a wide spread disease, most commonly in America type 2 due to life style. But type 1 is common in families that it runs in. I can relate to this because my grandma and aunt have diabetes so I have to make sure to be healthy so I don't get it. I learned that pumps can inject it for you but that they are very expensive.